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With the end of the Cold War, the concept of security has increasingly come under scrutiny from scholars and practitioners alike. In the classical formulation, security is about how states use force to manage threats to their territorial integrity, their autonomy, and their domestic political order, primarily from other states. This classical national security formulation has been criticized on various grounds.
For some, the classical formulation is too unilateralist in its emphasis on force in a world where there are weapons of mass destruction and where interdependence is knitting nations together willy-nilly. A unilateralist notion of security must give way, in this view, to cooperative security.2
For others, the classical formulation errs in restricting the scope of security to military threats from other states. In this view, rival states may deploy other kinds of threats against each other’s territorial integrity and domestic political order. These may include environmental, economic, and cultural threats.
